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!! Biological Evolution
(Week 7 of SBTS 28960)
 
A.
Biblically,
1.      humans and a variety of plants and a variety of animals came to be in the course of a single week of time
a.
The Creation Week of Genesis 1 involved 6 earth-rotation days of time (see the argument in the ‘Deep Time and Theodicy’ discussion)
b.      Plants were created on Day 3 (Gen.
1:11-12)
A)    in two (plants with seeds and plants with fruits containing seeds) or three (some translations – /e.g./ KJV – render ‘vegetation’ as an additional plant category to the seed and fruit plants; other translations – /e.g./ NIV – consider the seed and fruit plants to be subdivisions of ‘vegetation’ groups) plant categories.
B)     ‘after its~/his kind’ – both for the plants as a whole (Gen.
1:11) and for each of the plant categories (Gen.
1:12) – at the very least indicating that multiple kinds (not just multiple individuals) of seed plants and multiple kinds of fruit plants with seeds were created.
c.       Sea animals and flying animals were created on Day 5 (Gen.
1:20-21)
A)    in two different categories (sea animals and flying animals)
B)     ‘after its~/his kind’ for each animal category (sea and flying animals) – at the very least indicating that multiple kinds of sea creatures and multiple kinds of flying animals were created.
d.      Land animals were created on Day 6 (Gen.
1:24-25)
A)    in three animal categories (cattle, beast of the earth, creeping things)
B)     ‘after its~/his~/their kind’ for each of the animal categories – at the very least indicating that multiple kinds of cattle, multiple kinds of beasts, and multiple kinds of creeping things were created.
2.      different organismal groups had separate origins
a.       Different higher groups of organisms had separate origins
A)    The 6 days of creation involve separate, non-overlapping periods of time, because on each day there is
1)      creative command (‘and God said let…’);
2)      fulfillment (‘there was’ or ‘the earth brought forth’ or ‘God made~/created’ and~/or ‘God divided~/set’ and~/or ‘and it was so’);
3)      divine evaluation (‘God called’ or ‘God blessed’ or ‘it was [very] good’); and
4)      closure (‘and there was evening and morning, _th day).
B)     Different organisms were the result of separate creations on different days (plants on Day 3; sea and flying animals on Day 5; land animals on Day 6), so at the very least these groups had separate creations.
b.      Humans were created separately from animals.
A)    Gen.
2:7 indicates that “man became /nephesh// hayam/” – the latter translated ‘moving creature’ for sea animals in Gen. 1:20 and ‘moving creature’ for land animals in Gen. 1:24 – so man became a living creature; a living creature did NOT become man.
B)     At death humans are return to the dust from which they were created (Gen.
3:19) – not from animals.
This same made-from-ground with subsequent enlivening is also seen in the dry bone valley resurrection in Ezekial 37:1-14.
c.       ‘after its~/his~/their kind’ phrase (used 10x in Genesis 1) may indicate that at least thousands of different types of plants and animals were created in the Creation Week:
A)    ‘after its~/his~/their kind’ is simultaneously associated with multiple taxonomic levels:
1)      seed + fruit plants on the one hand (apparently: Gen. 1:20) and seed plants and fruit plants separately on the other (Gen.
1:21)
2)      flying + land animals on the one hand (apparently: Gen. 8:19) and land animals (apparently: Gen. 1:24) and flying animals separately on the other (Gen.
1:21; 6:20; 7:14).
3)      all flying animals on the one hand (Gen.
1:21; 6:20; 7:14) and individual types of flying animals on the other (Lev.
11:13-22; Deu.
14:12-18)
4)      cattle + beasts of the earth + creeping things on the one hand (apparently: Gen. 1:24) and cattle, beasts of the earth, and creeping things separately on the other (Gen.
1:25; 6:20; 7:14)
5)      all creeping things on the one hand (Gen.
1:25; 6:20; 7:14) and particular types on the other (Lev.
11:19)
6)      locusts on the one hand (Lev.
11:22) and bald locusts (presumably a specific kind of locust) on the other (Lev.
11:22)
B)     In its most specific application (in the Mosaic food laws) the phrase ‘after its~/his~/their kind’ is most specifically applied to taxonomic divisions down to species within genera:
1)      beetles (Lev.
11:22) make up an order of insects
2)      grasshoppers (Lev.
11:22) make up a suborder of insects
3)      locusts (Lev.
11:22) make up a family in the grasshopper suborder
4)      bald locust (Lev.
11:22) represent one or more species within the locust family
5)      ravens (Lev.
11:15; Deu.
14:14) are species within a single genus
C)    ‘after its~/his~/their kind’ may refer to a multiplicity of groups of sexual organisms which reproduces faithfully (/i.e./ more of the same kind), as ‘after its~/his~/their kind’
1)      is only applied to plants (Gen.
1:11-12) and animals (Gen.
1:20-21, 24-25; 6:20; 7:14; 8:19; Lev.
11:13-15, 18, 22, 29; Deu.
14:12-15, 18; Eze.
47:10) – and not, /e.g./, to the stars (Gen.
1:16) – possibly because it only refers to biological organisms.
2)      is used while referring to the saving of animals through the Flood ‘two by two’ and ‘by male and female’ (Gen.
6:18-20; 7:13-16) – possibly because it refers to sexually reproducing organisms.
3)      is never applied of humans – possibly because there is not a multiplicity of groups (God ‘hath made of one blood all nations’: Acts 17:26)
4)      seems to mean something a bit different from ‘every sort’, given how ‘every winged animal after its kind’ is distinct from ‘bird of every sort’ in Gen. 7:14 – possibly because it is referring to true-breeding kinds.
D)    After the Flood, the earth was repopulated by each separate kind re-diversifying.
It is likely that the earth was initially filled in a somewhat similar manner, suggesting that each separate kind was separately created.
è The ‘after its~/his~/their kind’ may indicate the separate creation of plants and animals down to lower taxonomic levels (perhaps different levels in different groups?) – probably averaging between genus and order.
If at the family level, thousands of kinds were created in the Creation Week.
3.      the order of creation requires that plants came before sea animals and flying animals came before land animals.
4.      organisms were probably created instantaneously in mature form
a.       God seems to desire things to exist in a mature state, so He is likely to have created things in a mature state (/e.g./ Jesus’ creation of wine and bread and fish involved creation of food and drink in fully mature form).
b.      the mode of origin of biological kinds
A)    was God.
NOTE: God + evolution è origin of all organisms, so the more evolution does, the less God does and the more divine is evolution itself.
B)     was God’s Word (Gen.
1:3, 6, 9, 11, 14, 20, 24, 26; John 1:1-3)
1)      not ‘natural’
2)      While Christ was on earth the usual response to an oral proclamation was instantaneous.
C)    was probably instantaneous (because of God’s nature):
1)      God is independent of space and time, so His ‘normal’ mode of creation might also be expected to be independent of space and time.
2)      God’s wisdom might suggest efficiency and instantaneous creation is most efficient.
3)      God’s power and authority over the creation would suggest that the jussives of command in Genesis One would be fulfilled instantly.
4)      Creation in longer than an instant is only justified by God working and resting as an example to man (Ex.
20:11).
D)    ended at the end of the Creation Week (Gen.
2:1-3).
E)     The creation processes cannot be deduced from present processes (II Pet.
3:3-7).
5.      the original creation did not include natural evil (disease, overproduction, human & animal suffering and death – see ‘Deep Time and Theodicy’ discussion).
Natural evil (including death and overproduction, with the resultant struggle for existence, natural selection, /etc./) is part of God’s curse in response to (following) man’s sin (/i.e./ Man brought about death and natural selection.).
Thus, whatever the mode creation it could not have included natural evil.
B.      Biologically,
1.      Platonic essentialism (that categories of perfect, unchanging, non-physical entities – genera – exist, which can be logically divided into smaller categories of perfect, unchanging, non-physical entities – species) became the foundation for Aristotle’s biological species concept (perfect, unchanging, non-physical ‘forms’ which somehow shape the physical form of individual organisms during development), which in turn, became the foundation of early biology’s essential species concept (populations of organisms which averaged close to the unseen, unchanging species essence).
Platonic essentialism (NOT the Bible) is the basis for
a.       Linnaeus’ binomial (species within genera) classification (used today)
b.      biologists (even today) choosing a ‘type specimen’ (an individual closest to the unseen essence) to define a species, and
c.       biologists (even today) listing ‘essential’ characteristics of species.
d.      belief in fixity of species (firmly entrenched in biology long before the time of Darwin (consistently questioned by creationists as early as Linnaeus)
2.      With the great trans-oceanic explorations of the 17th century, European biologists encountered a host of new plants and animals.
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