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Israel
Really quite a small peace of land that is insignificant to most nations of the time.
Handout
Five Distinct Geographical Divisions
THE EASTERN HILLS.
These fertile hills made areas like Bashan (in the north) and Gilead (further south) legendary for their grain, cattle, wine, olives, and timber.
But the hills soon give way to desert.
THE DESERT.
The bleak wastes of the Syrian Desert formed a natural eastern boundary to the land.
THE JORDAN VALLEY.
A great geological fault splits the country.
Through it, the River Jordan drops rapidly to the Dead Sea, 1,285 feet below sea level.
The Dead Sea is 1,300 feet at its deepest.
THE HILL COUNTRY.
The hill country of Judah held plenty of opportunities for guerilla warfare and was a formidable challenge for a would-be attacker.
The hills were covered by woods.
Galilee in the north was richly fertile, prosperous, and densely settled in Jesus' time.
THE COASTAL PLAIN.
Heavily populated in Old Testament times.
Southern end of the plain dominated by the 5 cities of the Philistines.
The straight coastline means there are no natural harbors.
Trade Routes
Israel will become an important piece of property because it houses many trade routes.
The most important of these two are 1.
Way of the Sea and The Kings Highway
Alexandrian Empire
When Philip of Macedonia was assassinated in 336 BCE his authority was claimed by his 20 year old Son.
Alexander the Great.
He was tutored by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle.
He will conquered the known world, including Israel.
Alexander will die at an young age.
Jerusalem will be Ruled by Egypt but will have the Seleucids to the north.
Seleucids forced Hellenization that had started with Alexander.
Hellenization - “To Speak Greek”.
The Greek Culture will be a great influence on the world.
Including the Israelite society and our understanding of the Bible.
Hellenization refers to the spread and embrace of the Greek Language, way of Life, Business, Education, and Philosophy.
The Bible Itself was translated into Greek, LXX, Septuagint in 250 B.C.
Jesus and his disciples would have been able to speak in Greek.
It was the language of trade.
Though Jesus primary language would have been Aramaic.
Greek Philosophy Philosophy influenced the People as well.
Example: Soul Is Greek, Nephesh is Hebrew meaning Being.
Apple that Adam ate it is just a fruit in OT.
Apple is from the Greek mindset.
Map taken from: http://per7-ch9.weebly.com/division-of-alexanders-empire.html
Alexander Video
https://media.faithlife.com/logos-media/305721-35653567--
Roman Empire
Map from: https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/roman-empire-history-facts-map-timeline-peak-when-start-when-split-how-long-tetrarchy/
Rome began as a small settlement on the east bank of the Tiber.
Traditionally founded by Romulus about 753 BC.
He ruled by kingship until 509, when Rome became a republic.
Governed by a Senate under two counsels.
It rapidly expanded conquering its neighbors and establishing the dominance of its language, Latin.
In the third to Second century Rome became a naval power defeating its rival Carthage in two Punic Wars.
Moving into Syria, Macedonia, and Greece.
Developing a well disciplined professional army.
After class struggles, political rivalries, an civil wars, the republic came to an end.
Pompy and Crassua and Julius Caesar moved for power.
Julius Caesar the victor was assassinated in 44 BC.
Mark Antony and Octavian would be the next to struggle for the thrown.
Octavian became the victor.
re-established the republic, taking the name “Augustus”.
This marked the beginning of an empire that would last for many centuries
Early Empire 31 BC – AD 117
Augustus 27 BC – AD 14
Famous for establishing and maintaining peace.
He set up administration reforms, including legal and financial reforms.
He was modest in his lifestyle.
He preferred to be known as “Princeps” which means First citizen rather than emperor.
It would be during his life that Jesus would have been born.
Tiberius (14-37)
Stepson of Augustus tyrannical and his rule ended in an reign of terror.
Jesus Life time
Gaius (37-41)
May have been insane.
Offended the Jews by ordering his statue be placed in the Temple at Jerusalem.
He will be assassinated.
Claudius (41-54)
Provided stability with the development of the civil service, the strengthening of empire and the generous extension of Roman citizenship.
He continued Augustus’ policy of allowing the Jews freedom of worship and was a friend of Herod Agrippa whom he set up as king over Israel.
In the later part of his reign he expelled the Jews from Rome.
Nero (54-68)
Lead and eccentric and extravagant reign.
One of the largest persecutions of Christian.
The most famous event of his life was the great fire that burned Rome.
Probably accidental though tradition held that he played his fiddle while it burned.
He will blamed it on Christians.
With his death there was a civil war 68-69.
The year of four emperors (68-69)
Galba
Otho
Vitellius
Vespasian
Vespasian
Vespasian emerged victorious (69-79)
It was during this period Jewish revolt 66-70.
Jerusalem was sacked by Titus, Vespasian’s son.
Titus 79-81
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