History of the Bible
History of the Bible • Sermon • Submitted
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Old Testament
Old Testament
Snap shot of ‘Biblical’ history
Old testament
United kingdom
Temple in Jerusalem under Solomon
Divided kingdom
Northern Kingdom of Israel
Conquered by Assyria 722
Southern Kingdom of Judea
Conquered by Babylon 586
Exile in Babylon
70 years
Return and building of the 2nd temple and the wall
Persian emperor 516 BC
Intertestamental period
Maccabees
Alexander the Great
Born 356 BC
Ascends to throne after his father King Phillip II at the age of 20 (336 BC)
Massive military campaign
Concurs Canaan around 333 BC
He also conquers Egypt in his conquest
Sudden death 10 years after concurring Canaan in 323 BC
Hellenization
Hellenization is the Greek influence on Jewish people
Hellenization was very strong and fast
Hebrew was being replaced in Canaan by Greek, which was used by government, upper class trickling down to all of society
Eventually the Jews needed the OT in Greek b/c they couldn’t read Hebrew
Alexandria: The birth of the Septuagint
Alexandria: The birth of the Septuagint
Pharoah of Egypt in the mid 3rd century BC requests that the Hebrew Torah be translated into Greek for the Jews in Egypt as they were dealing with rapid hellenization
per legend: 6 scholars from each of the 12 tribes were gathered = 72 (LXX)
Translated the Hebrew Torah in to Greek in Alexandria in 72 days
Considered by the Jews of the time to be an ‘inspired’ text
The books translated, give insight into ancient Jewish thought of the day as to what books were considered sacred
The Septuagint is synonomous with the ‘Greek OT’ or ‘Alexandrian Canon’
The use of the Septuagint
The use of the Septuagint
Given the hellenization and persistent Roman presence in the area Greek was the primary language of the time
Aramaic was in use but to a lesser degree
As the church began in the 1st century after Pentecost, the Septuagint was the OT text used by the Christians of the day in the following ways
NT authors, while writing in Greek, were naturally using the LXX as a reference, since it was considered ‘inspired’ by the believers
St. Paul was using the OT LXX to defend the Messiahship and divinity of Christ
Encouragement to with stand oppressive regimes
Maccabees speaks of the persecution faced by Jews from the Romans
The song of the three Youths in Daniel (incorporated into Midnight praises)
Susanna
Wisdom of Sirach addressed many common issues Christians were facing
Tobit: Love story of a father, tobit, who sends his son into the world to marry a girl and saver her from the darkness of the world. The struggles to live righteously in a foreign land, while your brethren are falling.
The books were also used in the services of the church
Many of the books included in the Septuagint were seen as informative and formational to ones faith.
There weren’t high lighted for their theological content, though they did not go against any theological concepts.
The Vulgate
The Vulgate
The Latin translation of the ancient Hebrew Scriptures by St. Jerome
Very similar to the list of books in the Septuagint
Translation took place in the 5th century
This would become the official ‘Bible’ for the catholic church
The Hebrew Bible (Jewish Bible)
The Hebrew Bible (Jewish Bible)
Hebrew as a language had two forms
Pre-Masoretic: Hebrew without vowels (3rd Century BC)
Masorectic: Hebrew with vowels (8th Century)
Example: Pre-Masorectic
Kng Dvd klld tht wckd prsn, th Phlstn Glth
Kng Dvd klld th mn
Kng Dvd Lvd
Man or Men | Loved or Lived
The process of adding the vowels was a process overseen by the Jews, specifically the scribes
When we review the earliest copies of the Hebrew books written with vowels (Masoretic text), we see there are differences in the number of books. (Hebrew Bible having fewer books)
The reasons for differences is not fully understood and multilayered
Council of Jamnia ~100 AD: Official break between Jews and Christians.
debated 7 books of the OT
one thing it points to is that the books of the OT were more fluid in antiquity
the safe guard to the fluidity was found in the strength of Holy tradition, teachings of the fathers
Books with different theological beliefs were identified and taken out of the mix.
Long before the 8th c. when the Masoretic (with vowels) text were transcribed, the NT books had been widely agreed upon.
By identifying the 27 books of the NT they were also saying that other letters in circulation were not divinely inspired nor consistent with the faith of the church.
The accuracy and historicity of these books were questionable
The counterfeit books of the NT had been labeled by the church as apocryphal books
Apocrypha: ‘Hidden away’
gospel of Thomas
gospel of Peter
gospel of Mary Magdoline
Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther
Martin Luther rejection of books of the OT largely based on over reaction to the Catholic church and the Vulgate as well as concerns that the books did not fully support his theological view points.
Catholics would later call these 7 books ‘Deutrocanonical’
He also struggled with the idea that there was never a final decision on these books.
He couldn’t hold the tension between Holy\Oral Tradition as the safeguard to the open canon of scripture
He and other reformers would push for closed canon
66 books (27 NT and 39 OT)
Hebrew/Masoretic text of the OT