Sermon Tone Analysis

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*2008-03-31 For April *
* *
*“tam” is short for “tam-o’-shanter”* (ÇtQm«ÈSQnt«) /n/ a Scottish brimless wool cap with a bobble in the centre, usually worn pulled down at one side.
Also called *tam*, *tammy* [C19: named after the hero of Burns’ poem /Tam o’ Shanter/ (1790)]
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*8535 **תָּם* [/tam/ ~/tawm~/] adj.
From 8552; TWOT 2522c; GK 9447; 13 occurrences; AV translates as “perfect” nine times, “undefiled” twice, “plain” once, and “upright” once.
*1* perfect, complete.
1a complete, perfect.
/1a1/ one who lacks nothing in physical strength, beauty, etc. 1b sound, wholesome.
/1b1/ an ordinary, quiet sort of person.
1c complete, morally innocent, having integrity.
/1c1/ one who is morally and ethically pure.
From 8552 above: *8552 **תָּמַם* [/tamam/ ~/taw·*mam*~/] v.
A primitive root; TWOT 2522; GK 9462; 64 occurrences; AV translates as “consume” 26 times, “end” nine times, “finished” four times, “clean” three times, “upright” three times, “spent” three times, “perfect” twice, “done” twice, “failed” twice, “accomplish” twice, and translated miscellaneously eight times.
*1* to be complete, be finished, be at an end.
1a (Qal).
/1a1/ to be finished, be completed.
1a1a completely, wholly, entirely (as auxiliary with verb).
/1a2/ to be finished, come to an end, cease.
/1a3/ to be complete (of number).
/1a4/ to be consumed, be exhausted, be spent.
/1a5/ to be finished, be consumed, be destroyed.
/1a6/ to be complete, be sound, be unimpaired, be upright (ethically).
/1a7/ to complete, finish.
/1a8/ to be completely crossed over.
1b (Niphal) to be consumed.
1c (Hiphil).
/1c1/ to finish, complete, perfect.
/1c2/ to finish, cease doing, leave off doing.
/1c3/ to complete, sum up, make whole.
/1c4/ to destroy (uncleanness).
/1c5/ to make sound.
1d (Hithpael) to deal in integrity, act uprightly.
\\ From TWOT 2522c above: *2522*     תָּמַם (/tāmam/) */be complete./*
*Derivatives *
*2522a*     תֹּם (/tōm/) */integrity./*
*2522b*     תֻּמָּה (/tūmmâ/) */integrity./*
2522c     תָּם (/tām/) /perfect.(See
tam perfect below)/
*2522d*     תָּמִים (/tāmı̂m/) */complete./*
*2522e*     מְתֹם (/mĕtōm/) */entirety./*
/tāmam/ may assume an auxiliary function, e.g. in Josh 3:16 the literal rendering, “They were complete, they were cut off,” represents, “They were completely cut off.”
With the verb’s fundamental idea of completeness, Samuel inquired of Jesse, “Are here all (Heb /hătammû/) thy children?” (I Sam 16:11).
Cf. /tāmı̂m/ (the root /tāmam/’s most common derivative), describing an entire day (Josh 10:13) or a whole, and therefore healthy, vine (Ezk 15:5).
/mĕtōm/ indicates soundness of flesh (Ps 38:3).
/tāmı̂m/ delimits Israel’s sacrifices, which were to be without blemish, perfect in that respect, so as to be accepted (Lev 22:21–22) as types of Christ, the spotless Lamb of God (I Pet 1:19).
Speech which is /tāmı̂m/ (Amos 5:10) corresponds to “what is complete, entirely in accord with truth and fact” (BDB, p. 1071).
Elihu was enabled to assure Job, “My words are not false; one who is perfect (/tāmı̂m/) is with you” (Job 36:4), because of his inspiration by God, who is perfect (/tāmı̂m/) in knowledge (37:16, cf.
32:8, 18; 33:4).
In the fullest sense it is Yahweh’s acts (Deut 32:4; II Sam 22:31 = Ps 18:30 [H 31] and law (Ps 19:7 [H 8]) that are perfect.
/tāmam/ moves naturally toward that which is ethically sound, upright (Ps 19:13 [H 14]).
The “perfect” (/tāmı̂m/) decision, as made by lots, is the correct one (I Sam 14:41).
As made by men, it is the right one (Jud 9:16, 19).
Asaph praised the completeness (/tōm/) or integrity of King David’s heart (Ps 78:72).
/tāmam/ is used with the commandments of God meaning to fulfill them (Josh 4:10).
The av translates Job 22:3, “if you make your ways perfect.”
Abraham was instructed to be /tāmı̂m/ (Gen 17:1), as was all Israel (Deut 18:13; cf.
II Sam 22:33; Ps 101:2/a/, 6).
They were to be “wholly” God’s; for, even here, “the words which are rendered in English by ‘perfect’ and ‘perfection’ denoted originally something other and less than ideal perfection” (IDB, III, p. 730).
From a concept of being “used up,” as of money (Gen 47:15, 18), /tāmam/ takes on the meaning of “come to a close, cease,” as of a year (v.
18; cf.
Ps 102:27 [H 28]).
The verb denotes the finishing of various actions, such as building (I Kgs 6:22) or writing (Deut 31:24, 30).
Finally, it refers to a people’s destruction (Num 14:33).
Two problems of ot theology concern the verb /tāmam/: self-righteousness and perfectionism.
Illustrating the former, David expresses the resolve, “I will walk within my house with a perfect (/tōm/) heart” (Ps 101:2/b/ KJV, ASV marg.
and RSV, “in the integrity of my heart”); cf.
his not infrequent professions of righteousness (Ps 7:8 [H 9]; 18:20).
Yet the connection with the nt Pharisaism remains one of the “mere appearance” (KD, /Psalms/, I, p. 72).
“Some of these utterances are no more than asseverations that the speaker is innocent of particular crimes laid to his charge; others are general professions of purity of purpose.
… Those who make them do not profess to be absolutely sinless, but they do disclaim all fellowship with the wicked, from whom they expect to be distinguished in the course of Providence” (A.
F. Kirkpatrick, /Cambridge Bible/, /Psalms/, I, p. lxxxvii).
For the latter, other than in the above-listed passages referring to God himself, the ot resists claims to ultimate perfection.
Noah was said to be /tāmı̂m/ “perfect” (Gen 6:9; NASB, “blameless in his time”).
But compare Genesis 9:21–23 and even the creature “in Eden” (Ezk 28:13, whether Adam or Satan, see /sāṭan/) who was /tāmı̂m/ from his creation until unrighteousness was found in him (v.
15), was by no means incapable of sin.
Scripture’s preeminent example of the /tām/ “perfect” man is Job (Job 1:1).
He claimed to be /tām/ (9:21–22) and /tāmı̂m/ (12:4) and held fast to his /tmmâ/ “integrity” (27:5; 31:6), as recognized not only by his wife (2:9) but also by Yahweh in heaven (1:8; 2:3).
In reference to the root meaning of /tāmam/, he was a “finished product,” well rounded and balanced (IB, III, p. 909).
Job, however, prefaced his own assertions by granting, “Though I be perfect, it (marg., he) shall prove me perverse” (9:20 ASV).
He admitted his sins (7:20–21; 9:2, 15; 10:6; 14:16–17), even from his youth (13:26), confessed that he could not be held innocent (9:28), and ended by retracting his rash charges against God and by repenting in dust and ashes (42:6).
As he explained, “If I have truly erred, my error lodges with me”; i.e., he was not guilty of the accusations made by his “friends” (22:6–9) and was /tāmı̂m/, wholehearted in his commitment to the person and requirements of God.
תֹּם      (/tōm/).
*/Integrity./*
(In eleven of twenty-three usages); also strength, perfection (Isa 47:9; ASV RSV translate “full measure”), or uprightness.
The phrase /lĕ tōm/, concerning a soldier’s bow, shot “at a venture” (I Kgs 22:34), literally (marg.)
“in his simplicity,” means unsuspectingly.
The plural, /tmmı̂m/ “perfections,” describes the Thummin, the precious stones of Aaron’s breastpiece (see /˒ûrı̂m/).
תּמָּה   (/tmmâ/).
*/Integrity./*
Appears five times in ot wisdom literature (e.g.
Job 2:3; Prov 11:3).
תָּם (/tām/).
*/Perfect./*
So translated in nine of thirteen occurrences, many of which refer to the patriarch Job.
Also means undefiled, upright.
For young Jacob’s identification as a “plain” man (Gen 25:27 KJV), the revised versions render /tām/ as harmless (marg.),
quiet.
תָּמִים (/tāmı̂m/).
*/Complete./*
Refers to animals which are without blemish; also translated as such related adjectives a full, whole, upright, perfect.
It represents the divine standard for man’s attainment.
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