Understanding Prophecy

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Over the past couple months, I have had a few different people wanting to know more about prophecy in the Bible. Some of this came up with the reading of Jesus’ final week in Jerusalem before His death, burial and resurrection, which all happened according to the scriptures.
During that last week is when Jesus gave what is commonly referred to as the Olivet Discourse. That is a fancy way of saying, “What Jesus taught his disciples on the Mount of Olives.”
Let’s read that passage together.
Matthew 24:1–21 NIV
Jesus left the temple and was walking away when his disciples came up to him to call his attention to its buildings. “Do you see all these things?” he asked. “Truly I tell you, not one stone here will be left on another; every one will be thrown down.” As Jesus was sitting on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to him privately. “Tell us,” they said, “when will this happen, and what will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age?” Jesus answered: “Watch out that no one deceives you. For many will come in my name, claiming, ‘I am the Messiah,’ and will deceive many. You will hear of wars and rumors of wars, but see to it that you are not alarmed. Such things must happen, but the end is still to come. Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. All these are the beginning of birth pains. “Then you will be handed over to be persecuted and put to death, and you will be hated by all nations because of me. At that time many will turn away from the faith and will betray and hate each other, and many false prophets will appear and deceive many people. Because of the increase of wickedness, the love of most will grow cold, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come. “So when you see standing in the holy place ‘the abomination that causes desolation,’ spoken of through the prophet Daniel—let the reader understand— then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. Let no one on the housetop go down to take anything out of the house. Let no one in the field go back to get their cloak. How dreadful it will be in those days for pregnant women and nursing mothers! Pray that your flight will not take place in winter or on the Sabbath. For then there will be great distress, unequaled from the beginning of the world until now—and never to be equaled again.
And Jesus goes on from there. That is less than half of what Jesus shared. There is a whole lot more in this chapter, and then in the chapters that follow there is even more.
What does all of that mean? How are we supposed to understand it?

Understanding Prophecy

Well, there are some clues in the passage, like the reference to Daniel. There are also other things that are also spoken of by other Old Testament prophets.
So, if we want to understand this prophecy, we need to start back further in the earlier scriptures. In other words, we do ourselves a disservice if we just jump into the Olivet Discourse. We need to get some of the earlier teaching down first. We need to start with other, more basic things that God revealed to understand this passage.
You can understand the concept of starting with earlier teaching if you think of mathematics.
For example, if you want to study Calculus, you do not start with differentials. You should start with Trigonometry. And if you want to study Trigonometry, you should first study Geometry. And if you want to understand geometry, you will first need to know some algebra. And if you want to understand algebra, you will need to first understand multiplication and division. And before multiplication and division can be understood, we really need to understand addition and subtraction. Oh, wait, one more step. If we want to understand addition and subtraction, we need to understand what numbers are, and counting.
We really need to get the foundations set, and study what God has revealed in an organized way before just diving in to what Jesus said on the Mount of Olives. The disciples had an advantage. They grew up hearing all of the Old Testament prophecies. They grew up understanding what prophecy is. We need to start there, and work our way up; which is what we will attempt to do over the next few weeks.
Are you ready? Here we go.
Now, the first order of business is prayer. Jesus said that the Holy Spirit will guide us into truth. Let’s ask the Lord to open our hearts and minds to understand what He teaches. Let’s pray.

What is a Prophet / Prophecy?

In the Old Testament, they used three different words for those who were prophets. These words are typically rendered ‘seer’ and ‘prophet’ when translated from Hebrew into English.
1 Chronicles 29:29 uses all three of these words.
1 Chronicles 29:29 NIV
As for the events of King David’s reign, from beginning to end, they are written in the records of Samuel the seer, the records of Nathan the prophet and the records of Gad the seer,
These words give us the idea that they saw something. They were given some revelation by God. They were given information, or knowledge from God.
How did they get this knowledge, this revelation?
Numbers 12:8 NIV
With him I speak face to face, clearly and not in riddles; he sees the form of the Lord. Why then were you not afraid to speak against my servant Moses?”
Sometimes this revelation of knowledge came through visions, dreams or as a message from God.
But why were these specially chosen people given information, given revelation from God?
Look at Jeremiah.
Jeremiah 1:4–10 NIV
The word of the Lord came to me, saying, “Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, before you were born I set you apart; I appointed you as a prophet to the nations.” “Alas, Sovereign Lord,” I said, “I do not know how to speak; I am too young.” But the Lord said to me, “Do not say, ‘I am too young.’ You must go to everyone I send you to and say whatever I command you. Do not be afraid of them, for I am with you and will rescue you,” declares the Lord. Then the Lord reached out his hand and touched my mouth and said to me, “I have put my words in your mouth. See, today I appoint you over nations and kingdoms to uproot and tear down, to destroy and overthrow, to build and to plant.”

A Prophet is a person given a revelation to pass on / proclaim to others.

We also see that a prophet was not just given this knowledge for their own benefit. They were to pass it along to others.
They were the mouth-piece of God to others.
The knowledge they were to pass on or proclaim is the prophecy.
It is important to know that they prophecy, no matter how it came to them, whether vision, dream or message, was not something they came up with. It was literally from God. As Peter tells us,
2 Peter 1:21 NIV
For prophecy never had its origin in the human will, but prophets, though human, spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.
They were not given the gist of what to say. They were given precisely what to say. They did not get to decide what to communicate. As God said to Jeremiah, ‘He put the words in their mouths.’ Which is also what He said to Moses and many others.
Exodus 4:12 NIV
Now go; I will help you speak and will teach you what to say.”
God appointed Moses as His prophet to Israel, and to the Egyptians.

What is Prophecy?

As we said, prophecy is the revelation, the message given by God to the prophet.
All too often, people tend to think of prophecy as just foretelling the future. Is it is just telling of the future? No. Actually, foretelling the future is a part of it, but not all of it.
Consider Moses. Moses was a prophet. His ministry began with going to Israel to let them know that God heard their cries and saw their plight and that He had compassion on them. He was even to reveal God’s name to them! That was a revelation to build them up. Edification. It was for their encouragement and comfort.
Then, Moses went to Pharoah and told Him what God wanted. “Let my people go!” That was for Pharaoh's edification.
When Pharoah would not listen, Moses told him what God was going to do. That was for edification. It was a warning. And that was foretelling what was to come.
Notice, the foretelling is just a part of the prophecy. All of this is the message from God. The foretelling was just a part of it.
Later, after they left Egypt, Moses gave Israel the law as it was given to him by God. He also gave them the temple and the sacrifices as instructed by God.
Basically, Moses, as a prophet, gave them instructions for how to live and relate to the Lord, as given by the Lord Himself.
So considering all of this, what is prophecy?

Prophecy is a message from God meant to edify, comfort, encourage, or exhort.

Prophecy is a message from God meant to edify (build someone up in true knowledge), comfort, encourage, or exhort (warn someone).
This is exactly what 1 Corinthians 14:3 tells us.
1 Corinthians 14:3 NIV
But the one who prophesies speaks to people for their strengthening, encouraging and comfort.
Sometimes it was giving information about the Lord, and His character. Sometimes it was information about how to live and worship. Sometimes it was a reminder of the past, so we would remember the Lord. And, yes, sometimes, it foretold the future.
An interesting example of a prophet is Asaph.
Does anyone know who Asaph is? He was a leader of worship at the temple. He wrote a number of the Psalms. He was a prophet!
2 Chronicles 29:30 NIV
King Hezekiah and his officials ordered the Levites to praise the Lord with the words of David and of Asaph the seer. So they sang praises with gladness and bowed down and worshiped.
I believe this helps us see that,

Prophecy is ultimately to result in worship of the Lord!

An interesting concept is that Corinthians shows us that prophecy is not just something that happened in the Old Testament times. No, John the Baptist was a prophet. Jesus was a prophet. And there were other prophets.
Prophecy did not end in the Old Testament times. It continues through the end of… well, we will have to get to that later.
So, the foundations are laid.
What is a prophet?
What is a prophecy?
What is the ultimate goal or purpose of prophecy?
That being said, I want to point out that the Bible is prophecy. It is wrong to consider just the foretelling of the future as prophecy. All the messages given by God to chosen people, who were the prophets, which they were to pass along were prophecy. All of it. And that is what the Bible is. A collection of the prophecies—the messages passed along to us by chosen men of God.
The Bible is prophecy. And all of the Bible is needed for our edification, exhortation, encouragement and comfort.
As 2 Timothy 3:16-17 says,
2 Timothy 3:16–17 NIV
All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the servant of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.
We need it all.
However, when people speak of not understanding prophecy, they are typically talking about the portions that are yet to be fulfilled. They are talking about wanting to understand the prophecies that are foretelling the future.
That will be our focus over the coming weeks. But it is important to understand that the foretelling prophecies are just like the rest of scripture. It is all prophecy. That foundation is important for what we will talk about next week.
For the rest of today, I want to look at a prophecy in Daniel, to help us see how and why we should study prophecy.
Please turn to Daniel 11.
While you are turning, I want to you to consider a question?
How do you know you are following the right religion? How do you know this book, the Bible is the truth? Why don’t we follow Islam, and the Koran? Why don’t we follow Buddhism, and the writings of Buddha? Why don’t we follow Mormonism, and the Book of Mormon? Why don’t we follow Millerism, known today as Jehovah’s Witnesses? Why follow Christianity, and the Bible?
We are going to see an answer here in Daniel 11.
Let’s look at Daniel 11.
Daniel 11:2 NIV
“Now then, I tell you the truth: Three more kings will arise in Persia, and then a fourth, who will be far richer than all the others. When he has gained power by his wealth, he will stir up everyone against the kingdom of Greece.
This describes Xerxes I, who led one of the largest armies assembled against Greece around 480 BC, about 50 years after Daniel was written.
Daniel 11:3 NIV
Then a mighty king will arise, who will rule with great power and do as he pleases.
Daniel 11:4 NIV
After he has arisen, his empire will be broken up and parceled out toward the four winds of heaven. It will not go to his descendants, nor will it have the power he exercised, because his empire will be uprooted and given to others.
Alexander the Great was this mighty king who conquered the Persian empire, as also foretold in Daniel 2 and Daniel 7.
After Alexander died in 323 BC, his empire was divided between his four generals. This was over 200 years after Daniel was written.
Daniel 11:5 NIV
“The king of the South will become strong, but one of his commanders will become even stronger than he and will rule his own kingdom with great power.
These kingdoms were not named, because they did not exist as nations when Daniel wrote this. The kingdoms were Syria in the north and Egypt in the South.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Ptolemy I Soter (323–285 B.C.) is the king of the South. The one who is stronger than he is in reference to Seleucus I Nicator (312–281 B.C.). In the historic background of these events there is evidence that Seleucus had left Antigonus in Babylon and for a brief time was associated with Ptolemy I in Egypt. They together had defeated Antigonus which made it possible for Seleucus to control in a military way the large area from Asia Minor to India, and he became stronger than Ptolemy who ruled Egypt. This explains verse 5, “one of his commanders will become even stronger than he and will rule over his kingdom with great power.”

Daniel 11:6 NIV
After some years, they will become allies. The daughter of the king of the South will go to the king of the North to make an alliance, but she will not retain her power, and he and his power will not last. In those days she will be betrayed, together with her royal escort and her father and the one who supported her.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

The daughter mentioned here was Berenice who was the daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 B.C.) who was king of Egypt. At that time the king of Syria, or “the king of the North” was Antiochus II Theos (261–246 B.C.). However, the alliance did not last as a former wife of Antiochus by name of Laodice joined a conspiracy in which both Berenice and Antiochus were killed and her father, who was Ptolemy, also died at that time. The verses are accurate in describing the future events of that period.

Daniel 11:7 NIV
“One from her family line will arise to take her place. He will attack the forces of the king of the North and enter his fortress; he will fight against them and be victorious.
Daniel 11:8 NIV
He will also seize their gods, their metal images and their valuable articles of silver and gold and carry them off to Egypt. For some years he will leave the king of the North alone.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

A later king of Egypt, Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–222 B.C.), was able to conquer the Northern Kingdom, seizing a great deal of booty

After this, he returned to Egypt, and stopped invading the North.
Daniel 11:9 NIV
Then the king of the North will invade the realm of the king of the South but will retreat to his own country.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

indicated an attack of the king of the North against the king of the South which occurred about 240 B.C. and was led by Seleucus II Callinicus. He, however, was defeated and returned without conquering the land of Egypt

Daniel 11:10 NIV
His sons will prepare for war and assemble a great army, which will sweep on like an irresistible flood and carry the battle as far as his fortress.
Daniel 11:11 NIV
“Then the king of the South will march out in a rage and fight against the king of the North, who will raise a large army, but it will be defeated.
Daniel 11:12 NIV
When the army is carried off, the king of the South will be filled with pride and will slaughter many thousands, yet he will not remain triumphant.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Later, the younger son, Antiochus III, attacked Egypt with some success. As ruler of the kingdom of the North, Antiochus III had several successful campaigns against Egypt during a period when the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy Philopator (221–203 B.C.) did not raise sufficient defense against him.

In a later battle in 217 B.C. Antiochus the Great challenged an Egyptian army with about 70,000 soldiers on each side which resulted in Egypt destroying the entire army of Antiochus as indicated in verses 11–12.

Daniel 11:13–16 NIV
For the king of the North will muster another army, larger than the first; and after several years, he will advance with a huge army fully equipped. “In those times many will rise against the king of the South. Those who are violent among your own people will rebel in fulfillment of the vision, but without success. Then the king of the North will come and build up siege ramps and will capture a fortified city. The forces of the South will be powerless to resist; even their best troops will not have the strength to stand. The invader will do as he pleases; no one will be able to stand against him. He will establish himself in the Beautiful Land and will have the power to destroy it.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

These prophecies correspond precisely to the history of the period which described these wars and the success of the kingdom of the North. The conquering of a fortified city (v. 15) was fulfilled when the Egyptian armies were defeated at Paneas at the headwaters of the Jordan River with the result that Antiochus III was able to take Sidon which was captured 199–198 B.C. The result was that Syria controlled all the Holy Land as far south as Gaza.

Subsequently, Egypt attempted to conquer Syria, and armies led by the Egyptians Eropas, Menacles, and Damoyenus failed to dent the Syrian power.

Daniel 11:17–20 NIV
He will determine to come with the might of his entire kingdom and will make an alliance with the king of the South. And he will give him a daughter in marriage in order to overthrow the kingdom, but his plans will not succeed or help him. Then he will turn his attention to the coastlands and will take many of them, but a commander will put an end to his insolence and will turn his insolence back on him. After this, he will turn back toward the fortresses of his own country but will stumble and fall, to be seen no more. “His successor will send out a tax collector to maintain the royal splendor. In a few years, however, he will be destroyed, yet not in anger or in battle.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Antiochus, having settled things with Egypt, attempted to conquer Greece but was defeated in 191 B.C. at Thermopylae and in 189 B.C. again was defeated at Magnesia southeast of Ephesus, this time by Roman soldiers. This fulfilled what Daniel wrote, “Then he will turn his attention to the coastlands and will take many of them, but a commander will put an end to his insolence and will turn his insolence back upon him. After this, he will turn back toward the fortresses of his own country but will stumble and fall, to be seen no more” (vv. 18–19). Though Antiochus was a great ruler, his failure to conquer Greece left him a broken man at the time of his death which occurred when he attempted to plunder a temple in Elam.

The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Seleucus IV Philopator was indicated by Daniel 11:20, “His successor will send out a tax collector to maintain the royal splendor. In a few years, however, he will be destroyed, yet not in anger or in battle” (v. 20). The necessity for raising taxes was caused by the tribute he had to pay to Rome of 1,000 talents each year.

Daniel 11:21–35. The tax collector he appointed was named Heliodorus (2 Macc. 3:7). Some believe that Seleucus IV Philopator was killed by poison and his death set the stage for the final ruler of this period that Daniel mentioned described in Daniel 11:21–35.

Daniel 11:21 NIV
“He will be succeeded by a contemptible person who has not been given the honor of royalty. He will invade the kingdom when its people feel secure, and he will seize it through intrigue.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, next appears. The importance of this man to Daniel and to God was his persecution of the Jewish people during the period of his reign 175–164 B.C.

In comparison to the earlier rulers of the Northern Kingdom, he was described by Daniel as “a contemptible person who has not been given the honor of royalty” (v. 21). He secured the throne by a series of intrigues and murders of other possible candidates as Daniel described, “He will invade the kingdom when its people feel secure, and he will seize it through intrigue” (v. 21).

The path by which he came to the throne is rather complicated. There were several possible legitimate rulers at the death of his predecessor, Seleucus IV Philopator. The younger son of Seleucus IV was Demetrius and probably was the most legitimate successor to the throne, but at that time he was in prison in Rome as a hostage. A younger son, Antiochus, was still a baby. The brother of Seleucus IV was Antiochus IV who at the time his brother died was living in Athens. There he heard Heliodorus had murdered his brother Seleucus as prophesied in Daniel 11:20. Antiochus IV Epiphanes went to Antioch and somehow secured the throne. Andronicus helped this by murdering the baby Antiochus but in turn was put to death by Antiochus IV. Heliodorus who had murdered Seleucus IV apparently faded from history. For a prophecy to predict accurately such a tangled history can only be explained by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.

Daniel 11:22 NIV
Then an overwhelming army will be swept away before him; both it and a prince of the covenant will be destroyed.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Antiochus IV added the title of Epiphanes which means “glorious one.” Because of his various intrigues he was nicknamed by others as “Epimanes,” meaning madman. Antiochus was attacked by a large army, probably from Egypt, but somehow Antiochus was able to defeat the army

Daniel 11:23–25 NIV
After coming to an agreement with him, he will act deceitfully, and with only a few people he will rise to power. When the richest provinces feel secure, he will invade them and will achieve what neither his fathers nor his forefathers did. He will distribute plunder, loot and wealth among his followers. He will plot the overthrow of fortresses—but only for a time. “With a large army he will stir up his strength and courage against the king of the South. The king of the South will wage war with a large and very powerful army, but he will not be able to stand because of the plots devised against him.
Daniel 11:26 NIV
Those who eat from the king’s provisions will try to destroy him; his army will be swept away, and many will fall in battle.
Daniel 11:27 NIV
The two kings, with their hearts bent on evil, will sit at the same table and lie to each other, but to no avail, because an end will still come at the appointed time.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Antiochus IV added the title of Epiphanes which means “glorious one.” Because of his various intrigues he was nicknamed by others as “Epimanes,” meaning madman. Antiochus was attacked by a large army, probably from Egypt, but somehow Antiochus was able to defeat the army

The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

This war occurred approximately five years after he took the throne. A large Egyptian army met the forces of Antiochus at Pelusium near the Nile delta and were defeated by Antiochus. After the battle the two attempted to establish a peace covenant

The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Though the conference was an attempt at arriving at a peace, both conspirators were trying to get the best of the other, and the result was that peace was not achieved.

Daniel 11:28 NIV
The king of the North will return to his own country with great wealth, but his heart will be set against the holy covenant. He will take action against it and then return to his own country.
The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Antiochus, now with apparent success over Egypt, was irritated by the Jews’ failure to support him actively.

The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook Prophecy of Israel in the Times of the Gentiles in Daniel

Antiochus was very much opposed to the Jewish religion and against the “holy covenant.” He desecrated their temple, offering a sow on the altar and installing a statue of a Greek god. This precipitated the Maccabean revolt in which thousands of Jews were killed, including men, women, and children, some being hurled from tops of buildings to their deaths, in the vain effort to stamp out the Jewish religion.

Daniel 11:29–32 NIV
“At the appointed time he will invade the South again, but this time the outcome will be different from what it was before. Ships of the western coastlands will oppose him, and he will lose heart. Then he will turn back and vent his fury against the holy covenant. He will return and show favor to those who forsake the holy covenant. “His armed forces will rise up to desecrate the temple fortress and will abolish the daily sacrifice. Then they will set up the abomination that causes desolation. With flattery he will corrupt those who have violated the covenant, but the people who know their God will firmly resist him.
Rome was coming into power, the ships from the western coastlands.
And it goes on from there, but we do not have time to cover it all.
What is the point?

Prophecy proves the Bible is the truth!

Daniel wrote this so specifically, that many scholars who reject miracles and foretelling prophecy decided Daniel started teaching that Daniel was written by someone in the second century BC.
Now, Daniel was taken by Nebuchadnezzer in 605 BC, and continued writing until about 530 BC. The things recorded in detail in chapter 11, happened after that. Antiochus Epiphanes was between 175 and 164 BC. So, they claimed that Daniel was written after Antiochus by the Maccabeans, the Jews who rebelled against Him.
However, in the Dead Sea scrolls was found a copy of Daniel. They sect that kept the scrolls was anti-Maccabean, and did not keep the Maccabean writings preserved. So, they would not have had a copy of Daniel from a Maccabean author!
Also, even an author from that time period would not have predicted the Roman empire, which did not finish conquering the Greeks until around 31 BC.
The Dead Sea scroll copy of Daniel silenced most of those voices which tried to make Daniel written after the fact because they don’t want to believe in foretelling prophecy, which Daniel is—and in great detail!!!
How could Daniel write so specifically about what would not happen for centuries?
Because God knows it all, and told Daniel!
No other religious book has foretelling prophecies that have been fulfilled like this! They are so clear and detailed. One author counted about 100 prophecies which have been fulfilled in just Daniel 11! Wow!
How can I know that I can trust the Bible? How do I know Christianity is real?
God has given prophets foretelling prophecy in detail that cannot be denied! It is true!
That is how God is using prophecy to edify us, to encourage us that His Word is the truth!
That is how God’s prophecy leads us to worship Him, as the God who has revealed Himself in the Bible!
Let’s be sure to worship Him today!
Homework
1. Read Exodus 4:12, Dt 18:15, 18; Isa 50:4; 51:16; Jer 1:9.
Also read, 2 Peter 1:20-21. What is prophecy? Where does it come from? Why is this important?
2. Read 1 Corinthians 14:3, and 2 Timothy 3:16-17. Why should we study prophecy? What is the purpose of prophecy? Read 2 Chronicles 29:30. What is the ultimate purpose of prophecy?
3. Read / browse through Exodus. Look at the messages God revealed to Moses. Some are foretelling, some are not. Make a list of some of the prophecies (revealed truths). Mark the ones that are foretelling, and those that are not. How do they fit in with the purposes of prophecy?
4. How accurate were the foretelling prophecies in Exodus? Read Daniel 11. How accurate are those prophecies? Use the internet to read about Xerxes invasion of Greece. Read about Alexander the Great, and the wars between the kingdoms of Syria and Egypt. Read about Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
Worship God for His revelation. He alone reveals the future accurately, and precisely.
5. Share with someone what you are learning. Help spread the truth of the word of God. Use the prophecy of scripture to edify, exhort, encourage and comfort. Use it to lead others to worship Him as well!
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