Sermon Tone Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Author and Title

The book of Joshua is named for its leading character.

The book’s author, however, is not explicitly mentioned.

The Talmud—a collection of ancient writings by rabbis on Jewish law and tradition—ascribes the book, with the exception of the account of Joshua’s death, to Joshua himself (Baba Bathra 15a).

Possibly Joshua, around 1380 b.c., or Samuel, around 1050 b.c.

Determining the date of the book of Joshua is difficult because, as with many other OT books, it may have been edited as it became part of the growing corpus of OT texts.

Theme

Joshua recounts part two of God’s grandest work of redemption in the OT period.

In part one (the Pentateuch), under the leadership of Moses, the Lord redeemed his people out of bondage in Egypt and formalized his covenantal love for them at Sinai.

Now in part two, under the leadership of Joshua, the Lord as divine Warrior brings his people into the Land of Promise and gives them “rest.”

Purpose, Occasion, and Background

From the evidence in the book itself, it appears that the purpose of the book of Joshua was to recount, from a theological perspective (Theology-the study of the nature of God), the events surrounding Israel’s capture and settlement of the land of Canaan—with particular emphasis on God’s faithfulness in fulfilling his promise to the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Such an account would have been relevant to ancient Israel from its earliest arrival in Canaan and to every subsequent generation of God’s people to the present day.

Literary background.

Joshua comes immediately after the Pentateuch and in many ways, completes its story.

The theme of the first five books of the Bible is the progressive fulfillment of the “patriarchal promise,” made first to Abraham () and reiterated to him, his son Isaac (), and his grandson Jacob (; etc.).

Simply stated, the Lord promised Abraham and his descendants that they would be blessed and become a blessing, that they would grow to become a great nation, and that they would be given a land of their own.

In addition, these blessings would be enjoyed in the context of a close covenant relationship with God.

By the end of the Pentateuch, Israel has been brought into the blessing of covenant relationship with the Lord and has become a great people.

But they remain outside the Land of Promise, on the plains of Moab.

Forty years before, the Lord had raised up Moses to lead his people out of bondage in Egypt and to bring them to the land he had promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (; ).

Now, after so many years of wandering, Joshua, the “new Moses” (), is to lead God’s people into the land, conquer it, and divide it among them as their inheritance from the Lord.

Historical background.

The dates of the exodus and the conquest of the Promised Land are interrelated, since the conquest occurred about 40 years after the exodus.

Whether the exodus occurred in the fifteenth century (about 1446) or thirteenth century (about 1260) b.c. is a matter of long-standing debate among biblical scholars.

If the pharaoh of the exodus had been explicitly named in the biblical text, this problem would be solved, but as was the custom in Egyptian records until about the tenth century b.c., he is simply called “Pharaoh.”

Deciding the date of the exodus and conquest does not materially affect the interpretation of the book of Joshua.

The Destruction of the Canaanites

The account in Joshua presents the sensitive reader with a deep problem, namely, the apparently wholesale slaughter of the indigenous Canaanite population in order to allow the people of Israel to occupy their land.

· How did Israel have any right to seize that land?

· And how can it be God’s will for them to spare none of those who resisted them in defense of their own land?

· Could this be a level of barbarism that God tolerated in the OT but now forbids in the NT?

People hostile to the Bible publicly denounce ancient Israel for its “ethnic cleansing,” and many sensitive Christians find this deeply troubling as well.

To handle the topic thoroughly would take a longer discussion.

First of all understand that the questions are legitimate.

Christians rightly condemn this kind of behavior in other circumstances, and there is no warrant today for nations to destroy other nations in order to take their land.

But there are special features of the command to Israel that both make it unique (and therefore not open to be imitated) and allow it to be seen in a moral light.

This command is one reason why Exodus records the call of Moses in such detail (; cf.

): Moses is God’s unique choice to be the lawgiver for his people, and the commands given through Moses come from God’s own mind (cf.

).

Believers accept God’s appointment of Moses to speak his will.

Without this command from God as delivered through Moses, Israel would have had no right to the land.

A second point to clarify is that the Pentateuch sets out laws of warfare, distinguishing between battles fought against cities outside the Promised Land () and those fought against cities inside the land ().

It is only the latter case that requires Israel to spare no one (“you shall devote them to complete destruction”); see the notes on and 20:16–18.

The law appears to be unconditional and implacable.

With these clarifications, one can now outline why this command is not an unsolvable “problem.”

A fundamental OT conviction is that Yahweh, the God of Israel, is the Creator of all there is, and therefore the owner of all lands.

He has the right to distribute territories according to his good and holy will (cf.

; ).

As the universal Creator, he is also the universal Judge, to whom all people everywhere are accountable:

(1) (the flood story affects all kinds of people);

(2) (the Tower of Babel);

(3) (judgment on the gods of Egypt);

Since all people are sinners, all are rightly subject to God’s judgment.

The Pentateuch gives a moral rationale for the removal of the Canaanites, seeing it as divine judgment for their sins (; ; ).

This action against these peoples, then, is an expression of God’s judgment on them through the agency of Israel.

This judgment therefore announces the moral nature of God to the whole world for their instruction

God’s judgment allows no double standard: he did not base his choice of Israel on any merit of theirs (), and he calls them to embrace his love faithfully.

Unfaithfulness will lead to judgment upon Israel itself, whether at the level of the individual () or the whole people (; ; cf. ).

This cannot be called “ethnic cleansing,” since the treatment is just, regardless of ethnicity.

(3) Further, the Sinai covenant sets Israel up to be a “theocracy,” a unique combination of what is now called “church” and “state.”

Membership in the people is both political and religious, and thus “citizens” are under obligation to be faithful in observing the covenant.

Those who carry out egregious violations must be removed (e.g., ; ; etc.), and if Israel were to allow unrepentant Canaanites to remain in the land, they would drag the whole people down into idolatry, injustice, and evil (e.g., ; ), which, sadly, is just what happened.

Christians are not to carry out this kind of warfare, because the people of God are no longer identified with a particular nation-state.

Finally, even though the laws about destroying the Canaanites are stated in an uncompromising and unconditional way (in keeping with the rhetoric of ancient Near Eastern conquest accounts, which allows for this kind of unqualified statement), the way Israel applied those laws apparently made room for some of the Canaanites to surrender and survive, particularly if they professed faith in the one true God (see note on for Rahab and her whole family; see note on 9:1–27 for the Gibeonites; cf.

11:19).

This means that the appearance of implacability in these laws is just that, an appearance, and there is an implied allowance for exceptions.

This is another point showing that, strictly speaking, the command given to Israel is nothing like “ethnic cleansing,” since ethnicity itself is not the reason for the action.

These factors—God’s right to allocate land and judge the world with perfect justice; the need to protect the purity of the Israelite theocracy; and the provisions for even Canaanites to be saved—all illustrate the justice that lies behind these provisions.

At the same time, it is also clear that the practices known as genocide and ethnic cleansing are indeed evil, and the Israelites were not commanded to commit them.

These factors were a unique part of Israel’s mission; no people today have any right to use them as a warrant to support injustice.

Key Themes

The book of Joshua is fascinating not only in respect to literary and historical questions but especially in regard to several theological topics: (theology-the study of the nature of God)

· Land

· Leadership

· The Book of the Law

· Covenant

· Yahweh’s war (Hb.

kherem),

· Judgment and mercy

· Divine sovereignty

· Human responsibility

· Promised rest

· God’s faithfulness

· His people’s response

· and the list goes on

The theological lessons to glean from the pages of Joshua are numerous:

1.

The Lord’s abiding presence as the key to strength and courage (1:5, 9).

2. The importance of the Lord’s instructions for succeeding in your mission and acting with insight; land and rest as divine gifts (1:7–8).

3. The ability of the Lord to save the “outsider” (Rahab), and the danger of the “insider” falling away (Achan; see chs. 2 and 7).

4. The Lord as divine Warrior and the reality of judgment when sin is out of control (10:42; 11:19–20).

5.

The danger of presumption and failure to inquire of the Lord (9:14).

6.

The Lord as protector of the covenant (10:1–15, esp.

v. 11).

7. The unity of the people of God (18:1–10; 22:34).

8.

The sovereignty of God in giving his people place and rest (1:13; 11:23; 21:43–45).

9.

The faithfulness of God in fulfilling all his good promises (1:2; 21:43–45).

10.

The necessity of removing false gods and worshiping God alone (ch.

24).

The list could continue.

Given the virtual identity of the names Joshua and Jesus (both are rendered “Jesus” [Gk.

’Iēsous] in the Gk. of the Septuagint and the NT), and in light of passages such as , it is not surprising that the leader Joshua has been interpreted as a “type” of Christ.

History of Salvation Summary