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We see Jesus is using this time to reconcile with Peter.
BELOVED DISCIPLE.
A distinctive feature of the Gospel of John is the appearance in the later chapters of a character denoted simply as “the disciple whom Jesus loved.”
A. Introduction
At the Last Supper the beloved disciple (henceforth BD) has a position of intimacy and privilege close to the breast of Jesus.
Through him Peter seeks information from Jesus concerning the identity of the betrayer (John 13:23–25).
The disciple stands along with the mother of Jesus at the cross.
Both are commended to each other by the Lord, and the disciple takes her to his own home (19:26–27).
Following Mary Magdalene’s report, the disciple outruns Peter in a race to the empty tomb.
Prompted by the distinctive arrangement of the grave clothes, he “sees and believes” (20:2–10).
The disciple, involved with Peter in the miraculous catch of fish, recognizes the stranger on the shore as the risen Lord (21:7).
He later follows Jesus and hears his fate discussed by Peter and the Lord in a way that gives rise to a false rumor that he was not to die (21:20–23).
Though not explicitly mentioned, this disciple is clearly meant in the subsequent reference to the one who “witnesses and has written these things” (21:24).
Following the death of Jesus and piercing of his side, there is a similar indication of sure witness given by “one who has seen.”
This witness must be the BD, since he is the only male disciple indicated as present at the crucifixion.
More controversial is a reference in 18:15–16 to “another disciple,” who accompanies Peter to Jesus’ trial and who, on the strength of being known to the high priest, is able to gain access to the proceedings for himself and Peter.
The association with Peter and certain links with 20:2–10 (cf.
20:2: “the other disciple whom Jesus loved”; 20:3: “the other disciple”) suggest that here too the BD is meant (Neirynck 1975).
Some scholars have also seen a reference to the BD in the unnamed disciple who along with Andrew leaves John the Baptist to become a disciple of Jesus in 1:35–40.
However, readers of the gospel could hardly be expected to pick up such an elusive hint of the BD’s presence.
Beloved Disciple, The
Beloved Disciple, the, a disciple mentioned only in the Gospel of John and never identified by name.
Appearing first at the Last Supper, reclining at Jesus’ bosom, at Peter’s bidding he asks the identity of Jesus’ betrayer (13:23-25).
At the crucifixion, standing beneath the cross with Jesus’ mother, he is entrusted with her care (19:25-27).
On Easter morning, he outruns Peter to Jesus’ tomb and finds it empty (20:2-10).
Later, in Galilee, he identifies for Peter a figure standing on the shore as the risen Jesus (21:7).
Finally, Jesus parries Peter’s question about whether the Beloved Disciple will live until Jesus’ return (21:20-23), after which—at the end of the narrative—he is identified as the witness behind, and apparently the author of, the Gospel of John (21:24).
References to this disciple have also been seen in the ‘other disciple’ who gains for Peter admittance to the courtyard of the high priest (18:15-16) and the trusted witness of 19:35 (cf.
21:24), although in these instances the person is not named.
In every case except 19:25-27, 35, the Beloved Disciple appears alongside Peter.
The assumption that the Beloved Disciple must have been one of the Twelve led to the traditional view that he was John the son of Zebedee.
Yet that identification is never made in the Gospel.
The sons of Zebedee are mentioned only once (21:2) and John never by name.
Moreover, the Gospel of John contains none of the episodes in which the sons of Zebedee figure according to the accounts of Mark and the other synoptic Gospels (cf.
Mark 1:19-20; 1:29; 3:17; 5:37; 9:2; 10:35-45; 13:3; 14:33).
See also John the Apostle; John, The Gospel According to; John, The Letters of.
Figurative Language
Sheep as member of community of Jesus (My lambs, My sheep, My sheep)
To Shepherd as to Care For (FEED, TEND, FEED)
To Feed as To Shepherd (FEED, FEED
Introduction
We have been using “shepherd” as a picture of what caregiving—or pastoral caregiving—looks like.
Now, the metaphor of a sheep and shepherding may not be as readily embraced in our 21st-century thinking, so let’s take some time to look more closely at some of the facts that enlarge our understanding of a sheep and her shepherd, and the implications for us.
A Shepherd’s Duties
Now, the duties of a shepherd in an unenclosed country like Palestine, I understand, were very onerous.
In the early morning, the shepherd would lead the flock from the fold, marching at its head, to the spot where they were to be pastured.
Here he watched them all day, taking care that none of the sheep strayed, and if any for a time eluded his watch and wandered away from the rest, [he sought] diligently until he found them and brought them back.
He had to be on watch constantly.
And in those lands, sheep had to be supplied regularly with water, and the shepherd, for this purpose, had to guide them either to some running spring or [to] wells dug in the wilderness and furnished with troughs.
Think about those duties: he had to pasture them, he had to watch carefully so not even one sheep would stray, and he had to find a source of water each day for them.
And at night he brought the flock home to the fold, counting them as they passed under the rod at the door, to assure himself that none were missing.
But even that did not end his job.
Sunset didn’t mean his labors were over, because often he had to guard the fold through the dark hours of the night because of the attack of wild beasts or the attempts of a prowling thief.
And of course [there’s] the familiar story of David in 1 Samuel 17, where he encountered, as a young shepherd, a lion and a bear.
And it was either the lion and the bear, or it was the sheep—one or the other would win this fight.
And so the shepherd was always on guard.
Sheep at Risk
Margaret Feinberg, in her book Scouting the Divine, spent some time with Lynn, a shepherdess in Oregon, learning about sheep and shepherding.
I’d like to expand some of these generalities a bit more from her discoveries.
I think there’s still more for us to learn about the relationship between a sheep and her shepherd.
This first item is sometimes greatly misunderstood, Lynn tells us.
If you were asked, “What is the primary reason sheep are at risk without a shepherd?
Is it because sheep are (a) dumb, sheep are (b) hungry, sheep are (c) anxious and agitated, or sheep are (d) defenseless?”—which
would you choose?
Defenseless
Lynn is very adamant in telling us, as a modern-day shepherdess, that sheep are not dumb—that sheep are defenseless.
Sheep know when a predator is nearby.
She declares they’re not dumb.
Sheep gather as a flock for safety.
That, primarily, is their defense, because it’s the only thing they can do to protect themselves, and they know that strength and safety comes in community.
And sheep trust each other to the point where they’ll follow each other off of the edge of a cliff.
And so these are some of the things that sheep do because they’re defenseless and trying to protect themselves.
Parasites, Predators, and Plants
She goes on to tell us that sheep without a shepherd will die.
Why?
Well, there are several reasons.
One is parasites.
If the shepherd doesn’t find the parasites, the sheep will pay the price.
The sheep don’t know they’re there, or at least, the sheep can’t deal with it.
The same with predators; the predators are there, [and] if the shepherd doesn’t protect, the sheep will die.
Poisonous plants—I think that’s an obvious one.
They eat those, they’ll die.
The surprising one to me was that Lynn said in her experience with sheep (that is, in our country), one of the greatest risks is that sheep [will] eat too much good food.
That’s the greatest threat, because if they do, it upsets the delicate balance of their rumen—and that will kill them in a few days if it’s not treated.
Now, we’re quick to say that in countries where food isn’t abundant for the sheep and their grasses aren’t plentiful, [where] the sheep are more dependent on the shepherd for the next mouthful, that may not be the greatest risk.
Casting, Fleece, Fighting, and Agitation
Sheep without a shepherd will die because of another reason: sheep cast.
We talked about that in an earlier session—where they rest in a hole, and they roll onto their back until they can’t get up.
Their feet are absolutely straight up in the air, [leaving them] no way to get out of that crevice.
Another reason is [that a] sheep’s fleece gets too heavy and becomes a painful burden.
Another one: sheep butt heads in competition, and the shepherd is the only one who can restore order.
Interesting, isn’t it?
And the last—when sheep grow anxious, agitated, and afraid, the shepherd is the only one who can bring comfort.
These two seem to have huge implications for us in shepherding, when we think about the role of the shepherd in restoring order and bringing comfort and calm to those who are anxious, agitated, and afraid.
Explore*
21:15–17.
Many contemporary commentators think of vv.
15–23 as a fundamentally different unit from what precedes.
To use the language of Schnackenburg (3.
361), vv.
1–14 constitute ‘a disciple pericope’, and vv.
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